Design of Rapid Warning System for Detection of Pollution and Anomalies in High Dimensional Process by Using Adaptive Network Fuzzy Inference System

Authors

1 Islamic Azad University South Branch .Industrial Engineering Faculty

2 Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

3 Isalamic Azad University,South Branch Of Tehran

4 Islamic Azad University ,South Branch Faculty

Abstract
This study inspects the impact of water pollution in the nonlinear uncertainty and high dimensional process to detect early abnormalities or significant changes in the water pollution indicators. A hybrid algorithm based on wavelet techniques and adaptive network fuzzy inference system learning by using high-frequency surrogate relations is introduced. Important qualitative indicators such as phosphate, and nitrate in the water bodies have uncertainties with variations such as dependence, and effectiveness of physical and chemical factors. A case study based on the monitoring program applied to the Potomac River Basin in Virginia, USA, is conducted. In the first step, the high-frequency time series of the main TP index is obtained through the surrogate model and compared with GARCH techniques. By using the wavelet transform, the noise components of the time series are removed and pre-processed. In the next step, it is created by using the ANFIS to identify the main characteristics of water quality. In the last step, the contamination threshold is calculated based on the estimated base pattern for analyzing statistical patterns. The results show that the proposed algorithm has high stability and accuracy because using the surrogate technique has extracted a more accurate model of the behavior of the required water variables. It can be used to manage surface runoff in watersheds to preserve the environment and improve water quality. Based on the results, using ANFIS models in water pollution anomaly results in accurate simulations.
Keywords: water pollution, anomaly, high dimensional process, adaptive network fuzzy inference system, wavelet

Keywords


1.    Akhtar, N., Syakir Ishak, M. I., Bhawani, S. A., and Umar, K. (2021). “Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: A review.” Water, 13(19), 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192660
2.    Xu, G., Fan, H., Oliver, D. M., Dai, Y., Li, H., Shi, Y., Long, H., Xiong, K., and Zhao, Z. (2022). “Decoding river pollution trends and their landscape determinants in an ecologically fragile karst basin using a machine learning model.” Environmental Research, 214(Part 4), 113843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113843
3.    Wali, S. U. (2021). “The need for a multi-pollutant approach to model the movement of pollutants in surface-water: A review of status and future challenges.” International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, 1(1), 26–58. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.11.26.58
4.    Bieroza, M. Z., and Heathwaite, A. L. (2015). “Seasonal variation in phosphorus concentration–discharge hysteresis inferred from high-frequency in situ monitoring.” Journal of Hydrology, 524, 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.036
5.    Kusari, L. (2022). “Turbidity as a surrogate for the determination of total phosphorus, using relationship based on sub-sampling techniques.” Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 23(4), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/150233
6.    Bowes, M. J., Loewenthal, M., Read, D. S., Hutchins, M. G., Prudhomme, C., Armstrong, L. K., Harman, S. A., Wickham, H. D., Gozzard, E., and Carvalho, L. (2016). “Identifying multiple stressor controls on phytoplankton dynamics in the River Thames (UK) using high-frequency water quality data.” Science of the Total Environment, 569–570, 1489–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.239
7.    Mozo, A., Morón-López, J., Vakaruk, S., Pompa-Pernía, A. G., González-Prieto, A., Pascual Aguilar, J. A., Gómez-Canaval, S., and Ortiz, J. M. (2022). “Chlorophyll soft-sensor based on machine learning models for algal bloom predictions.” Scientific Reports, 12, 13529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17299-5
8.    Yoon, H. N., Marshall, L., Sharma, A., and Kim, S. (2022). “Bayesian model calibration using surrogate streamflow in ungauged catchments.” Water Resources Research, 58(1), e2021WR031287. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031287
9.    Liu, P., Wang, J., Sangaiah, A. K., Xie, Y., and Yin, X. (2019). “Analysis and prediction of water quality using LSTM deep neural networks in IoT environment.” Sustainability, 11(7), 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072058
10.Dogo, E. M., Nwulu, N. I., Twala, B., and Aigbavboa, C. (2019). “A survey of machine learning methods applied to anomaly detection on drinking-water quality data.” Urban Water Journal, 16(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1637002
11. Mola, M., and Amiri-Ahouee, R. (2021). “ANFIS model based on fuzzy C-mean, grid partitioning and subtractive clustering to detection of stator winding inter-turn fault for PM synchronous motor.” International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(3), e12770. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12770
12.Sun, Y., Babovic, V., and Chan, E. S. (2010). “Multi-step-ahead model error prediction using time-delay neural networks combined with chaos theory.” Journal of Hydrology, 395(1–2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.020
13.Tiwari, S., Babbar, R., and Kaur, G. (2018). “Performance evaluation of two ANFIS models for predicting water quality index of River Satluj (India).” Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, Article ID 8971079. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8971079
14.Kabolizadeh, M., Rangzan, K., Zareie, S., Rashidian, M., and Delfan, H. (2022). “Evaluating quality of surface water resources by ANN and ANFIS networks using Sentinel-2 satellite data.” Earth Science Informatics, 15(1), 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-021-00741-z
15.Bhagowati, B., Talukdar, B., Narzary, B. K., and Ahamad, K. U. (2022). “Prediction of lake eutrophication using ANN and ANFIS by artificial simulation of lake ecosystem.” Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 8, 5289–5304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01377-8
16.Khayat, M., Noorossana, R., Soleimani, P., and Raissi, S. (2024). “Hybrid algorithm for early detection of water pollution impact on environmental indicators using wavelet techniques and RBF neural network learning.” Pollution, 10(4), 1074–1091. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2024.372064.2246
17.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Water Quality Event Detection System Challenge: Methodology and Findings. EPA 817-R-13-002, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/water_quality_event_detection_system_challenge_methodology_and_findings.pdf
18.U.S. Geological Survey. (2017). National Hydrography Dataset High-Resolution Flowline Data. The National Map. Accessed 20 May 2017. https://www.usgs.gov/national-hydrography/nhdplus-high-resolution
19.Byrand, K. (2010). “Nature and History in the Potomac Country: From Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Jefferson.” Journal of Historical Geography, 36(2), 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2010.02.011
20.Zhang, Y. F., and Thorburn, P. J. (2022). “A deep surrogate model with spatio-temporal awareness for water quality sensor measurement.” Expert Systems with Applications, 200, 116914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116914
21.Kunz, J. V., Hensley, R., Brase, L., Borchardt, D., and Rode, M. (2017). “High frequency measurements of reach scale nitrogen uptake in a fourth order river with contrasting hydromorphology and variable water chemistry (Weiße Elster, Germany).” Water Resources Research, 53(1), 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019355
22.Shi, B., Wang, P., Jiang, J., and Liu, R. (2018). “Applying high-frequency surrogate measurements and a wavelet–ANN model to provide early warnings of rapid surface water quality anomalies.” Science of the Total Environment, 610–611, 1390–1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.232
23.Kuo, J. T., Wang, Y. Y., and Lung, W. S. (2006). “A hybrid neural-genetic algorithm for reservoir water quality management.” Water Research, 40(7), 1367–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.046
24.Christensen, V. G. (2001). Characterization of Surface-Water Quality Based on Real-Time Monitoring and Regression Analysis, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, South-Central Kansas, December 1998 through June 2001. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4248. https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014248
25.Erkyihun, S. T., Rajagopalan, B., Zagona, E., Lall, U., and Nowak, K. (2016). “Wavelet-based time series bootstrap model for multidecadal streamflow simulation using climate indicators.” Water Resources Research, 52(5), 4061–4077. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018696
26. Shupe, S. M. (2017). “High resolution stream water quality assessment in the Vancouver, British Columbia region: A citizen science study.” Science of the Total Environment, 603–604, 745–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.195
27.Kirchgässner, G., Wolters, J., and Hassler, U. (2013). Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. 2nd ed., Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33436-8
28.Chen, N., Tu, H., Duan, X., Hu, L., and Guo, C. (2023). “Semi-supervised anomaly detection of multivariate time series based on a variational autoencoder.” Applied Intelligence, 53(5), 6074–6098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03829-1
29.Lundgren, A., and Jung, D. (2022). “Data-driven fault diagnosis analysis and open-set classification of time-series data.” Control Engineering Practice, 121, 105006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2021.105006
30. Karasu, S., and Altan, A. (2022). “Crude oil time series prediction model based on LSTM network with chaotic Henry gas solubility optimization.” Energy, 242, 122964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122964
31. Jin, X. B., Gong, W. T., Kong, J. L., Bai, Y. T., and Su, T. L. (2022). “PFVAE: A planar flow-based variational auto-encoder prediction model for time series data.” Mathematics, 10(4), 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10040610
32. Du, L., Gao, R., Suganthan, P. N., and Wang, D. Z. W. (2022). “Bayesian optimization based dynamic ensemble for time series forecasting.” Information Sciences, 591, 155–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.01.010
33. Chen, H., Li, Q., and Zhu, F. (2022). “A new class of integer-valued GARCH models for time series of bounded counts with extra-binomial variation.” AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 106(2), 243–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10182-021-00414-8
34.Tan, W. Y., Lai, S. H., Teo, F. Y., and El-Shafie, A. (2022). “State-of-the-art development of two-waves artificial intelligence modeling techniques for river streamflow forecasting.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 29, 5185–5211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09763-2
35.Hajirahimi, Z., and Khashei, M. (2023). “Hybridization of hybrid structures for time series forecasting: A review.” Artificial Intelligence Review, 56, 1201–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-022-10199-0
36.Makridakis, S., and Hibon, M. (1997). “ARMA models and the Box–Jenkins methodology.” Journal of Forecasting, 16(3), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-131X%28199705%2916%3A3%3C147%3A%3AAID-FOR652%3E3.0.CO%3B2-X
37.Engle, R. F. (1982). “Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation.” Econometrica, 50(4), 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912773
38. Heberling, M. T., Price, J. I., Nietch, C. T., Elovitz, M., Smucker, N. J., Schupp, D. A., Safwat, A., and Neyer, T. (2022). “Linking water quality to drinking water treatment costs using time series analysis: Examining the effect of a treatment plant upgrade in Ohio.” Water Resources Research, 58(5), e2021WR031257. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031257
39. Song, C., and Yao, L. (2022). “Application of artificial intelligence based on synchrosqueezed wavelet transform and improved deep extreme learning machine in water quality prediction.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 38066–38082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18757-3
40.Du, K., Zhao, Y., and Lei, J. (2017). “The incorrect usage of singular spectral analysis and discrete wavelet transform in hybrid models to predict hydrological time series.” Journal of Hydrology, 552, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.06.019
Volume 4, Issue 2 - Serial Number 14
Summer 2026
Pages 141-172

  • Receive Date 29 May 2026
  • Revise Date 01 June 2026
  • Accept Date 05 August 2026
  • First Publish Date 08 August 2026
  • Publish Date 08 August 2026